Faraday's law
of induction is a basic law of electromagnetism predicting how a magnetic field will interact with an electric circuit to produce an electromotive force (EMF)—a
phenomenon called electromagnetic
induction. It is the fundamental operating principle of transformers, inductors, and
many types of electrical motors,generators and solenoids.[1][2]
electromagnetic induction was
discovered independently by Michael Faraday in 1831 and Joseph Henry in
1832.[4] Faraday was the first to publish the
results of his experiments.[5][6] In Faraday's first experimental
demonstration of electromagnetic induction (August 29, 1831[7]), he wrapped two wires around
opposite sides of an iron ring (torus) (an arrangement
similar to a modern toroidal transformer).
Based on his assessment of recently discovered properties of electromagnets, he
expected that when current started to flow in one wire, a sort of wave would
travel through the ring and cause some electrical effect on the opposite side.
He plugged one wire into a galvanometer, and watched it as he connected
the other wire to a battery. Indeed, he saw a transient current (which he
called a "wave of electricity") when he connected the wire to the
battery, and another when he disconnected it.[8] This induction was due to the change in magnetic flux that occurred when the battery was
connected and disconnected.[3] Within two months, Faraday had found
several other manifestations of electromagnetic induction. For example, he saw
transient currents when he quickly slid a bar magnet in and out of a coil of
wires, and he generated a steady (DC) current by rotating a copper disk near the
bar magnet with a sliding electrical lead ("Faraday's disk").[9]
Michael Faraday explained electromagnetic induction
using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the
time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not
formulated mathematically.[10] An exception was James Clerk Maxwell,
who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his quantitative electromagnetic
theory.[10][11][12] In Maxwell's papers, the time-varying
aspect of electromagnetic induction is expressed as a differential equation
which Oliver Heaviside referred to as Faraday's law even
though it is different from the original version of Faraday's law, and does not
describe motional EMF. Heaviside's version (see Maxwell–Faraday equation below) is the form
recognized today in the group of equations known as Maxwell's equations.
Lenz's
law, formulated by Heinrich Lenz in 1834, describes "flux through
the circuit", and gives the direction of the induced EMF and current
resulting from electromagnetic induction (elaborated upon in the examples
below).
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday%27s_law_of_induction
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